Grid of the most commonly used star codes (*), pound codes (#), and abbreviated dialing phone numbers These are subject to change, however my source was just updated on February 7th, 2012. • Airtime charges apply when dialing * and # numbers with the exception of *2, *3, *4, *5, *7, *911, #911, 611 and #ROAD. • Star or pound codes may or may not work in a roaming coverage area (including *2, *3, *4, *5, or #ROAD). Dialing Code Description *2 Access to the Care self-service IVR and Care call centers. #222 Option 3 order accessories. *3 Payments made through Sprint phones through the Pay by Phone Automated IVR. *4 Get minutes used information for each category of usage in English, including text messaging and current bill cycle dates. Get information on current rate plan. *5 Get minutes used information for each category of usage in Spanish, including text messaging and current bill cycle dates. Get information on current rate plan. Can you activate a Metro PCS cell phone on your own? The cost charged to activate a Metroc PCS phone depends on the plan chosen. Enter 'mvno102.sprintpcs.com' and touch 'Save' (Note: It will only say 'Realm: sprintpcs.com' in this field). Restart Phone. Once the phone restarts, assuming you are in a 4G capable area, you should be able to use 4G data. Flash Wireless (s) – Bring Your Own Device – HTC Device Activation.
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Call of Duty was released in 2003 after being by Infinity Ward, a newly formed development company that included many developers who had worked on Electronic Art's. Enabling Call of Duty Cheats The Call of Duty cheat codes listed below includes all of the known cheat codes that can be used during gameplay in any of the three single player campaigns. The instructions provided for enabling cheats have been confirmed to work for the CD-ROM installed version of the game but there are no known issues for them working on other digital installations of the game as well. Follow the instructions below to enable cheats for Call of Duty on the PC. For instructions and information on cheat codes for the PlayStation or Xbox console versions of the game, be sure to check out the. • Right-click on the Call of Duty Single Player shortcut icon and select 'Properties'. The toggle commands listed below are technically not cheat codes as they do not have an impact on players or game play, they more impact the graphics and what is displayed on the screen. The cheats are available in. Is there a way to get any gun while in the single player? Overclock.net › Forums › Video Games › PC Gaming › How to enable. More Call of Duty World War II Games The original Call of Duty had one expansion pack which included an additional single player campaign and more multiplayer maps. Call of Duty was then followed up by another PC exclusive, which was also set during World War II and followed the same premise with three single player campaigns told from the perspective of a different Allied or Soviet soldier. The series returned to World War II with which followed the ame form of multiple single player campaigns and competitive multiplayer modes. The list of tive multiplayer modes. The list of is a great starting point for one looking for more World War II based video games. About the Call of Duty Video Game Series The Call of Duty series of video games began with Call of Duty, released in 2003 and set during World War II. In the years since, the series has gone on to become one of the most popular, best selling and positively received video game franchises of all time. The series includes a total of twelve games that have been released for the PC, with the latest, Call of Duty: Infinite Warfare released in November 2016. Games in the series range from being based on historically accurate World War II battle, to fictional Cold War conflicts and future/sci-fi based conflicts. Single Player Cheats At the 'Option' menu enable the console and press '~' (tilde) to display the console window. Type 'seta thereisacow 1337' as a console command and press '~' to display the console window again. Then type the following codes to enable the corresponding effect in the game. God Mode: Type god God Mode (screen shakes): Type demigod Flight Mode: Type ufo All weapons: Type give all Full Ammunition: Type give ammo Add Laser Sight to ALL Weapons: Type cg_LaserForceOn 1 Enemies Ignore You: Type notarget Change Maps: Type map or spdevmap (name) Spawn Indicated Item: Type give (item name) Adjust Gravity (Default = 39) Type jump_height # Adjust Time (Default = 1.00) Type timescale # Remove Gun Graphics: Type cg_drawGun Zoom with any Gun: Type cg_fov Better Vision: Type r_fullbright No Clipping Mode: Type noclip. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Advice After installing the plugin, I found an unmarked, unnamed shrine SE of, just North of a line joining and. It was there that I got the new topic of 'Prophet'. There are three people present;, and. I'm not sure if the shrine is definitely part of the patch so I'm not going to put it straight onto the page. I'm not even sure this is where it should go! Can anybody confirm and advise? — Unsigned comment by ( • ) on 7 December 2006 Well, considering that the NPCs don't have articles on the UESP, they're almost definitely new, so I would assume that the shrine is new as well. -- 16:52, 7 December 2006 (EST) Sounds to me like you found the, which has already been added to various plugin pages (although minimally); you can check its location on to be sure. Also, I'm guessing one of the NPCs you mention is actually. It never gets a map marker, but you are pointed to go there later during the Knights of the Nine quests. I'd say it doesn't really belong on the Pilgrimage page; it sounds like it's just a random way that you can happen to find out about the quest, but it's not the shrine's primary purpose (nor the easiest way to find out about this quest). -- 16:56, 7 December 2006 (EST) A little confuzzled So I've done the pilgrim thingy of going to all the nine Wayshrines marked out on the map and went to a chapel and prayed at all of the. Oblivion -Knights of the Nine DLC. Activate each wayshrine. Locate Stendaar north of Leyawiin. Locate Mara west of Skingrad. At a minimum they should fix the bug that makes traveling to player housing activate the wayshrine cooldown for a massive price increase. For those who complain about the cost of travelling from one's home - that might be located in a remote place - I would say, get the Mara's Kiss Inn (free) room and port from any. What it now is called. Anyways I followed the walkthrough here and it tells me to go to a Wayshrine again? So I thought to myself 'Okay.?' And I went to the wayshrine of Akatosh. Nothing happened. I went to sleep. Nothing happened. What do I do now? I also have about 5 in fame. Does that affect it? --| [[User_talk:Jojje|Talk]]]] 15:51, 9 January 2007 (EST) Fame doesn't matter at all for this quest, just infamy. If you have collected any infamy, you have to visit all nine wayshrines again after the last time you gained an infamy point. Also, have you visited the prophet and gotten the pilgrimage quest to appear in your journal? -- 23:46, 9 January 2007 (EST) No, I don't have any infamy points. Yes, the quest is in my journal, and I've met, but not Lathon. --| [[User_talk:Jojje|Talk]]]] 00:23, 10 January 2007 (EST) It sounds like you must have missed a wayshrine for at least one of the nine divines. All wayshrines that you visited since receiving the pilgrimage quest will be recorded in your journal with quest updates (e.g., 'I have prayed at the Wayshrine of Akatosh'). Check which of the nine is missing and visit a wayshrine for that divine. -- 00:45, 10 January 2007 (EST) That's wierd. Nothing showed up for me when I prayed at the wayshrines. Just the original 'Pray at my chapel altars to recieve my blessing' things. --]] 01:06, 10 January 2007 (EST) At the moment you activate the wayshrine you should get the standard 'Pray at my chapel altars' message. If you're at least at stage 10 with the pilgrimage quest, you should then shortly afterwards get a quest update. Maybe you haven't spent enough time talking to the prophet. You have to go through a few dialogues with him, enough to get the quest update 'I've spoken to a mysterious Prophet, who told me that in order to seek the Relics of the Crusader, I must first do a pilgrimage to the Wayshrines of the Divines.' -- 01:42, 10 January 2007 (EST) Maybe I can help: What is the name of the quest in your journal? -- 08:59, 10 January 2007 (EST) Maybe this can be helpful: I was noticing a similar problem, in the sense that no message such as 'I've prayed at the xxx altar' was popping up after praying at wayshrines. By doing a quick research I found out that this could be due to conflicting mods, so I used Oblivion Mod Manager to modify load order and have Knights mod loaded last. This fixed the problem. — Unsigned comment by () on 31 January 2007 Is there a way to start this quest on the xbox 360? I'm just wondering thats all.-- 18:56, 24 February 2007 (EST) Yes, but you have to be connected to XBOXLive to download the downloadable content -- 00:18, 25 February 2007 (EST) Cool thanks and I'll get lots of microsoft points then.-- 01:23, 25 February 2007 (EST) u can buy it at a store with the shivering isles. Cheaper and a better deal 21:54, 16 September 2008 (EDT) Shrine of Mara The Oblivion Gates destroyed it and I cant finish the quest. What shoud I do? — Unsigned comment by () on 15 May 2007 There are three different wayshrines to Mara, and only one of them has any chance of being destroyed by an Oblivion Gate. So just go visit one of the other two wayshrines. They're all listed. -- 11:58, 15 May 2007 (EDT) Even if the shrine has been destroyed, you should still find the activatable part of it stuck into the ground somewhere nearby. The shrines still work, even when a gate has spawned in them. 19:23, 15 May 2007 (EDT) Actually, the wayshrine to Mara north of Anvil is completely destroyed when the Oblivion Gate opens on top of it. It's only the wayshrine to Kynareth near Skingrad that can still be activated even after the gate has apparently destroyed it. -- 20:33, 15 May 2007 (EDT) Help I've already beaten the knights of the nine quests but my infamy went up and now i can't use the armor. I already threw away my map. I believe i have revisited all the shrines but my infamy didn't go back down. Is their any way to get another map or can someone help me? — Unsigned comment by () on 15 May 2007 The map can be found, but it shouldn't matter which wayshrines you visit, as long as it's one of each divine. 19:22, 15 May 2007 (EDT) Different poster than above, I was wondering if you can visit each wayshrine to reduce your infamy to zero without having the KotN expansion. Also, say you could, if your infamy went back up, could you do it again? 20:08, 26 July 2007 Without KotN, visiting all of the Wayshrines has no effect on your infamy, it just gives you the greater power. See the page for full information. -- 23:28, 26 July 2007 (EDT) Infamy and Dispositions I have not purchased the KotN plugin yet, so I am unable to fix this myself. I noticed that in the Notes section of the article, it is stated that the Infamy rating will affect NPC disposition even after it has been reset to 0. Could anyone be more specific on this? Personally, I am unsure of what this means exactly. Does it intend to say that NPC dispositions will remain the same (as in it will not rise) after the Pilgrimage is completed? It almost seems like it is saying that the disposition penalty will continue to be active, even after Infamy is reset to 0 (almost like a permanent 'nobody will like you' effect). Is this correct? — Unsigned comment by ( • ) on 12 August 2007 I believe it means that even after completing the pilgrimage, characters with a previously high infamy may still receive disposition penalties, and responses like 'keep your hands to yourself, you murdering bastard' or 'I've seen your kind before. You've got blood on your hands' -- 02:25, 12 August 2007 (EDT) Actually, it would be interesting at some point to document what exactly characters with previously high infamy experience after the Pilgrimage. My suspicion is that most of what occurs is based upon criteria other than infamy. For example, the two responses mentioned by Saruuk are both ones that you will hear if you have murdered people. Even though the infamy associated with the murder has been erased from your records, your character statistics will still include all of the murders. Also, there are negative disposition modifiers with many characters that are caused by being a member of the Dark Brotherhood and Thieves Guild. These modifiers are all multiplied by your rank in the guilds. So if you are speaker of the Dark Brotherhood and Gray Fox, then there are NPCs that will dislike you even if your infamy is 0. In other words, my guess is that when your infamy is set to zero, all penalties caused directly by infamy are erased. However, other related statistics such as membership in 'evil' guilds and numbers of various crimes are not altered. Therefore, any penalties caused by other aspects of your character's previous life of crime will still remain in place. -- 03:07, 12 August 2007 (EDT) Ah, well that makes a lot more sense. Thanks for the clarification, Nephele. — Unsigned comment by ( • ) on 12 August 2007 Pilgrim's Grace I traveled to the shrines to start the Knights of Nine and had completed the entire quest and still did not get blessed with Pilgrim's Grace. I earned a single point of Infamy and wanted to clear it out, so I traveled to the Wayshrines again to clear it out, still no Pilgrim's Grace. It was not granted until I traveled to the specific ones on the Wayshrine Map. Is this the way it is supposed to be? I figured it might have had something to do with the Map, but since I was allowed to start and finish the quest, I just thought that it was just some bug and I missed out on some description somewhere. Could there be some reference created to mention (after verification if necessary) that only the wayshrines on the map count towards being granted Pilgrim's Grace. 22:19, 21 August 2007 (EDT)DVSDavis There's definitely nothing about specific wayshrines that you need to visit in order to receive Pilgrim's Grace. I've done it a couple times with different characters, and I never visited the specific wayshrines on the map. Also, the scripts on all the wayshrines are identical; there is nothing that differentiates one Wayshrine to Zenithar from another as far as the game scripts are concerned. I think the only problem is that you need to have 0 infamy when you complete the pilgrimage in order to receive Pilgrim's Grace (at least once KotN is installed). If you have any infamy when you finish the pilgrimage, then it skips over the greater power and instead sets your infamy to 0. It also resets the record of which wayshrines you have visited. You then need to visit one of each wayshrine all over again in order to get the greater power (and not get any new infamy in the meantime!) -- 23:32, 21 August 2007 (EDT) Ahh, that makes sense. After my second trip around the shrines with no Grace, I just went straight into the third trip around the long way following the in-game wayshrine map (took a bit longer, but with 0 Infamy) BINGO! Thanks Nephele 00:51, 22 August 2007 (EDT) Gray Cowl Has anybody done this quest while wearing the Gray Cowl of Nocturnal? If so, does it take away the Cowl's inherent infamy? 22:57, 16 September 2007 (EDT) You can't do the pilgrimage while wearing the cowl: see and. • East from the solemn eye's shrine (East of Fort Grimwatch Wayshrine, close to the main road). • Where temple became tree-house (Southeast of Fort Grimwatch Wayshrine, in the southern part of Greenhill). • In a smoldering shell (North of Fort Grimwatch Wayshrine, within Old Town Cavern crafting camp). • Overlooking the site of the fall (West of Rawl'kha Wayshrine, southeast of Vinedusk Wayshrine). • Camped on the way to Claw's Strike (Southwest of Rawl'kha Wayshrine, next to a bridge north of Jodewood Dolmen). • Hidden by a less subtle blade (Southwest of Rawl'kha Wayshrine, near to the ayleid ruins Thormar). • Dune's arcane beacon (East of Dune Wayshrine, on the second floor of Mages Guild in Dune). • Mara's devout frets in view (North of Fort Sphinxmoth Wayshrine). • Within earshot of the cheering crowd (Northwest of Sren-ja Wayshrine, between Reaper's Henge and Dawnmead Brigand Camp). • Growling, beastly gladiators prowl (Inside Kuna's Delve solo dungeon). • Treasure of the bard's tomb (Inside Thibaut's Cairn solo dungeon). • Awash in tears underground (Inside Weeping Wind Cave solo dungeon). • Outlaws strike skooma deals here (Inside Claw's Strike solo dungeon). • The folly is in passing through quickly (Inside Fardir's Folly solo dungeon). • Moon's light reveals its secret (Inside Jode's Light solo dungeon). • Far beneath a foul manor (Inside The Vile Manse public dungeon). The Vile Manse (Public Dungeon). Rawl'kha • Arenthia • Dune • Rawl'kha • Do'Krin Monastery • Pa'alat • S'ren-ja • Vinedusk Village • Willowgrove • Fort Grimwatch • Greenhill • Hadran's Caravan • Thizzrini Arena • Senalana • Thormar • Falinesti Autumn Site • Fort Sphinxmoth • Two Moons Path • Moonmont • Selene's Web • The Vile Manse • Claw's Strike • Fardir's Folly • Jode's Light • Kuna's Delve • Thibaut's Cairn • Weeping Wind Cave • Big Ozur's Valley This is a small valley inhabited by the ogres. An ogre named Big Ozur can be found here. Achievement:Big Ozur's Bane: Defeat Big Ozur the Ogre in Big Ozur's Valley. • Deathsong Cleft This is a cleft located south of Vinedusk Village. The cleft is inhabited by the tainted plant creatures. Achievement:Deathsong Deforester: Destroy the tainted plant creatures at Deathsong Cleft in Reaper's March. • Old S'ren-ja Docks This is an abandoned pier located south of S'ren-ja. The pier is occupied by a daedroth named Ysolmarr the Roving Pyre. Achievement:Ysolmarr's Ruin: Defeat the Daedroth, Ysolmarr the Roving Pyre, near the Old S'ren-ja Docks in Reaper's March. • Reaper's Henge This is a grove north of Rawl'kha occupied by a necromancer named Gravecaller Niramo. Achievement:Gravecaller's Doom: Defeat Gravecaller Niramo and his dark daughter Varien at the Reaper's Henge. • Ushmal's Rest This is a graveyard just north of Pa'alat inhabited by the vampires. Achievement:Nur-dro's Downfall: Defeat the vampire, Overlord Nur-dro, at Ushmal's Rest in Reaper's March. • Waterdancer Falls This is a waterfall north of Moonmont guarded by the nereids. Achievement:Mercy Killer: Defeat the Queen of Three Mercies and her entourage at Waterdancer Falls in Reaper's March. • Dawnmead Dolmen • Jodewood Dolmen • Northern Woods Dolmen • The Apprentice This is a Mundus Stone found in Reaper's March, Bangkorai, the Rift, and Cyrodiil. Activating the Apprentice stone will grant you the permanent blessing of increased spell penetration. • The Steed This is a Mundus Stone found in Reaper's March, Bangkorai, the Rift, and Cyrodiil. Activating the Steed stone will grant you the permanent blessing of increased run speed. • Broken Arch This is a ruin located east of Do'Krin Monastery. The ruin contains a special crafting site, where you may craft items in the. • Greenspeaker's Grove This is a grove located northeast of Vinedusk Village. The grove contains a special crafting site, where you may craft items in the. • Old Town Cavern This is a cave located west of Senalana. The cave contains a special crafting site, where you may craft items in the. Reaper's March Lorebooks • A Looter's Paradise (Reaper's March Lore) • Cohort Briefing: Arenthia (Reaper's March Lore) • Elven Eyes, Elven Spies (Reaper's March Lore) • Litter-Mates of Darkness (Reaper's March Lore) • Master Zoaraym's Tale, Part 1 (Reaper's March Lore) • Master Zoaraym's Tale, Part 2 (Reaper's March Lore) • Moon-Sugar for Glossy Fur? (Reaper's March Lore) • The Eagle and the Cat (Reaper's March Lore) • The Moon Cats and their Dance (Reaper's March Lore) • Yours for the Taking! (Reaper's March Lore) • Soul-Trapping I: An Introduction (Dungeon Lore) • 16 Accords of Madness, Vol. Telus Mobility customers can connect to YouMail! Unfortunately, call forwarding is not available for Telus Prepaid accounts. Also, if you forward your calls to a number outside of your local area, long distance charges will be applied. Users with long distance plans within Canada and the U.S. Will also be charged if the calls are not forwarded to a number within the local area. Merchants are subject to change. Prepaid cards issued in connection with loyalty, award or promotion program. Blackhawk Discover® gift cards and prepaid cards are issued by MetaBank®, Member FDIC. Discover® and the Discover Acceptance Mark are service marks used by MetaBank under license from Discover Financial Services. In Canada, Mastercard Prepaid Cards are issued by Peoples Trust Company pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated. ®/TM Mastercard is a registered trademark, and the circles design is a trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated. In the United States, Mastercard Prepaid Cards are issued by MetaBank, Member FDIC, pursuant to license by Mastercard International Incorporated. Mastercard is a registered trademark of Mastercard International Incorporated. In Canada, Visa Prepaid Cards are issued by Peoples Trust Company pursuant to a license by Visa Int. *Trademark of Visa Int., used under license. How to Activate a Cell Phone. If you're activating a prepaid plan online. While this is the most inconvenient way to activate your phone. Move your number Bill explainer Ways to pay Track your usage Long distance rates Roaming rates Travel data pass Upgrade to a new phone. Tools & Services. Activate prepaid Top up prepaid Trade-in program SmartCare Phone guides & user manuals Data calculator Coverage maps Accessibility Centre. In the United States, Visa Prepaid Cards are issued by MetaBank, Member FDIC, pursuant to a license from Visa U.S.A. The information on this site has been translated into French and Spanish for your convenience only. The translation may not accurately represent the meanings of terms, conditions and representations presented in the English language. The English language controls the meaning of the information provided herein. For MetaBank privacy policy, visit For patent information, visit ©2017 Blackhawk Network Holdings, Inc. All Rights Reserved. You might need them to 'hit' the box one more time to get your premiums, that seems to be a recuring issue everytime I get a new box activated. The USB doesn't do anything but supply power, anything else is not enabled. The ports on the back are all output ports, you could run the composite yel/red/wht to a line in on a VCR, and place the VCR input selector from tuner to line. The output of the VCR would go directly to the TV, either using the video output of the VCR to one of the video in on the TV, or using the coax output if there is no other way to connect to the TV. The Component ports are used for HD to TV's that can't use HDMI or DVI. They are analog HD ports that woll supply HD to the TV also. The I1394 firewire port might work with certain equipment as a digital output, I've never gotten it to work. None of these ports would be used for a CD player or anything else like that. The box was originally just a digital box.upgraded to HD not DVR. Called Comcast again yesturday afternoon and they resent a signal. Comcast Corporation. Home / Guides / Comcast Xfinity Is Facilitating With Cable Box Activation Service. Comcast Xfinity Is Facilitating With Cable Box Activation. A digital adapter is necessary for viewing Comcast's digital content on an analog television. Begin by finding a place for the Comcast digital adapter near both the television and the cable outlet in the wall. Once you've performed these steps, you must activate the digital adapter with Comcast to view all your channels. Digital adapter to your TV and the cable wall outlet, an on-screen message may appear directing you to contact Comcast at a toll free number. Please ignore this message and continue to follow the instructions in your Starter Kit to activate your service. How much does it cost? The Starter Kit includes the cable box,. Jun 4, 2015 - 3 min - Uploaded by XfinityThis video covers how to self-install your XFINITY TV with our easy to use self- installation kit. After 5hrs it had loaded most regular programming, but not HBO, Cinemax, and some others. All programming appeared in proper display, but lots of channels were still listed as being unavailable. I have not checked the box since 2100 last night. I will recheck this evening and see if channels loaded. BTW.Does the USB drive located on the front of the box work? Also, what would you hook up to the component connections on the rear of the cable box? How would you wire that up? Thanks for your response. You might need them to 'hit' the box one more time to get your premiums, that seems to be a recuring issue everytime I get a new box activated. The USB doesn't do anything but supply power, anything else is not enabled. The ports on the back are all output ports, you could run the composite yel/red/wht to a line in on a VCR, and place the VCR input selector from tuner to line. The output of the VCR would go directly to the TV, either using the video output of the VCR to one of the video in on the TV, or using the coax output if there is no other way to connect to the TV. The Component ports are used for HD to TV's that can't use HDMI or DVI. They are analog HD ports that woll supply HD to the TV also. The I1394 firewire port might work with certain equipment as a digital output, I've never gotten it to work. None of these ports would be used for a CD player or anything else like that. It is fundamentally acknowledged by Xfinity, which stands for interminable substance decisions and cross-stage characteristics. You can purchase any items it has in its online showcase, keeping in mind the end goal to get generally agreeable excitement experience. Also it’s customizing on Demand Highlights, Sports, Pay per View Events, Channel lineup can effectively fulfill your necessities. When you setup a record, you can get the best cost for whatever you need. Requirement: • Enter your telephone number and account number. • See your bills to get all details. Way To Activate? • Click on this site. • Enter your username to sign into this site and after that enter account number. • Account should be of 13, 14 or 16 digits, in case if you have forgotten the account number then see your card or on the self install kit. • Now enter your telephone number consists of 10 digits and this telephone is given at your account. • Provide your home number and cell phone number. • Click on “Next” and you will be able to approach the activation cable box page. • Click on “Activate” button to finish this step. Benefits: • You can approach cable box by using this online service and enjoy all shows on your TV. • You can update channels and programs show by this services Closing Summary: The directions for self-initiation are extremely clear and simple grasped. They too setup its help and help page in the event that you need some help, you can head off to its help corner. Also live visit could be exceptionally functional when obtaining their items. Be sure your new phone's battery is fully charged. You can activate a different phone on your line, or you can move phones to another line on the same account. Jun 17, 2012 MacRumors Forums. Forums iPhone, iPad. Rogers locked/activated iPhone 4S on Fido Canada will it. Yes I can also go spend $10-$15 to activate a new prepaid Fido. I was curious about porting phone numbers to Koodo prepaid. I assume that as part of a new prepaid activation, you would either choose a new phone numbe. I bought a sim card from a Fido store but they can not activate iy. They told me to call customer aservive I need help sp i can use my phone? Archived from groups: alt.cellular.fido () Hi all, So I am/was a Fido customer but went on vacation for a few months and didn't want to pay them for nothing, so called them and they switched me to prepaid, the guy said I could just prepay nothing then switch back to my monthly plan. So now I'm back but it seems that I was away for 2 days too long as my account was closed 2 days ago. Now they say I have to buy a new SIM and sign up anew. I am not pleased obviously. Anyone have any suggestions? Everyone at customer support says something different. I tried activating online with my imei and SIM# but it didn't work. Worst of all, they say I'll need a new phone number, even though no one is using the old one (I just called it). Amazing that they can use landline numbers but not ones from their own exchanges! Thanks for any help! Archived from groups: alt.cellular.fido () On Wed, 23 Jun 2004 12:34:56 -0400, Sean McBride wrote: >So now I'm back but it seems that I was away for 2 days too long as my >account was closed 2 days ago. Now they say I have to buy a new SIM and >sign up anew. I am not pleased obviously. Did you know how many days your account was inactive before they deactivate the account and you lose your number? If you didn't know you should have asked. That's on you. If you did know and you still didn't resume service by the date that they were to deactivate the service you got what you probably were entitled to. If it's beyond 120 days and you want service back you'll have to get a new SIM and a new number. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - remove NONO from.NONOcom to reply. Archived from groups: alt.cellular.fido () Sean McBride wrote: > So now I'm back but it seems that I was away for 2 days too long as my > account was closed 2 days ago. Now they say I have to buy a new SIM and > sign up anew. I am not pleased obviously. Ask them to lookup your history, get them to find out who you had been talking to prior to your leaving. Then ask to be put in touch with that person, at which point you tell them that since they had told you it was poossible to do what you did, they should re-activate your account without requiring new SIM etc etc. Note that it is possible that they may have to deactivate the SIM temporarily in order to reactivate it (eg: just to fulfill menu options). Where there is a will, there is way. If not, then ask them iof they will unlock your phone since they are the ones who chose not to take you back and that you are now forced to go to Rogers. (that should send you to customer retention, at which point, they have more magical powers to fix problems). Archived from groups: alt.cellular.fido () Hey, I did the exact same thing before going on vacation! I called and told them I wanted to keep my number, but I wouldn't be around for four months. I was told that I could switch to the $10/month plan, which does not include vmail and is otherwise completely useless. So I told them to switch me to prepaid (where I would have voicemail to check while I'm away). I was told that they have a new policy where they have to charge you $25 to switch a number to prepaid. When I told them that I had done this before without a fee, they told me there was nothing that they could do and that I could cancel the account if I wished!? I said 'OK Thanks. Please close the account then.' At the blink of an eye I was switched to the 'cancellation department' (retention). I was told that they couldn't waive the fee, but they would make it up to me by giving it to me as prepaid credit for 3 months. The fact that they couldn't do it right the first time and actually invited me to cancel with them left a bad taste. When I come back, I'm not sure if I will continue with Fido or not. If I do, it would most certainly only be based on price and certainly not service. If Rogers could get their act together with the pricing, there are tens if not hundreds of thousands of dissatisfied Fido customers waiting in the wings. Fido really should get their act together. Great prices and promos are easily negated with lousy service. As for getting your number back, it is possible as Mezei wrote, although I think you will have to get another sim (I believe I still have an extra active one, if you can wait until August 'til I come back). I had to go through the same routine once to get a number back as well. They only seem interested in customer service after you threaten to cancel, sadly. Sean McBride wrote in message news. > Hi all, > > So I am/was a Fido customer but went on vacation for a few months and > didn't want to pay them for nothing, so called them and they switched me > to prepaid, the guy said I could just prepay nothing then switch back to > my monthly plan. > > So now I'm back but it seems that I was away for 2 days too long as my > account was closed 2 days ago. Now they say I have to buy a new SIM and > sign up anew. I am not pleased obviously. > > Anyone have any suggestions? Everyone at customer support says > something different. I tried activating online with my imei and SIM# > but it didn't work. > > Worst of all, they say I'll need a new phone number, even though no one > is using the old one (I just called it). Amazing that they can use > landline numbers but not ones from their own exchanges! > > Thanks for any help! Archived from groups: alt.cellular.fido () sbdot wrote: > as well. They only seem interested in customer service after you > threaten to cancel, sadly. I agree entirely. Many such companies seemed to be gearing themselves with a 'retention department' instead of fixing the first line customer support service which causes people to ask to cancel. It is the frontline people that should be empowered, with the 'cancellation department' not trying to keep customers, but only finding out why they are leaving. The retention dept shoudln't eb empowered to give special deals to customers, they should be empowered to go to the customer support mamager and fix the problems that cause customers to leave. Archived from groups: alt.cellular.fido () yeah, but the problem here was (perhaps) two-fold: 1) the customer service dude either gave the wrong info, the customer understood it wrong, or not enough details were given (length of trip). 2) the customer took the time to find this newsgroup but did not take the time to look at fido's website to get the real info about prepaid accounts and how long you get before they cancel the account. It's easy to blame the customer service rep when we don't get to hear his/her side of the story. They only seem interested in customer service after you > > threaten to cancel, sadly. > > I agree entirely. Many such companies seemed to be gearing themselves with a > 'retention department' instead of fixing the first line customer support > service which causes people to ask to cancel. Archived from groups: alt.cellular.fido () obs wrote: > 2) the customer took the time to find this newsgroup > but did not take the time to look at fido's website > to get the real info about prepaid accounts and how > long you get before they cancel the account. I disagree with that point. Fido's web site doesn't give the 'real' story about this. It is a marketing web site, not a reference on how policies are implemented. Until the year before the bankrupcy, Fido didn't cancel these accounts, nor accounts whose service had been disconnected due to lack of payment even though prepaid was supposed to expire x weeks after non-refilling of the account. One of the reasons Fido's churn increased significantly the year of the bankrupcy is that Fido began to clean up its customer list by removing all those inactive accounts, and it appears that they are now more agressive in terminating inactive accounts. But that still doesn't tell anyone what the exact procedures are internally at Fido, and whether it is possible to reactivate an account of not. The standard entry level 4 legged furry customer support rep will tell you that as soon as a SIM card has been disabled, it cannot be reenabled (some will even go as far as stating that they send a signal to the card to disable it). But if you speak to the right people, they will tell you it is possible to reactivate a SIM card (you need to know how to access the right computer menus to get to that, and entry level folks don't have access to those menus). Archived from groups: alt.cellular.fido () Couldn't you just add voice mail to the $10 plan for an additional $4.00/month? Also, the $10 plan includes call forwarding so if you were going to be out of the country for a long time and didn't want to keep a regular monthly plan, you can always forward your Fido phone to your home landline phone (and I'm assuming that your regular landline phone has voice mail or an answering machine). Of course, if you are not the only person who uses your landline phone, you might not want to forward your Fido phone to this number. [email protected] (sbdot) wrote in message news. > Hey, I did the exact same thing before going on vacation! > > I called and told them I wanted to keep my number, but I wouldn't be > around for four months. I was told that I could switch to the > $10/month plan, which does not include vmail and is otherwise > completely useless. So I told them to switch me to prepaid (where I > would have voicemail to check while I'm away). I was told that they > have a new policy where they have to charge you $25 to switch a number > to prepaid. When I told them that I had done this before without a > fee, they told me there was nothing that they could do and that I > could cancel the account if I wished!? > > I said 'OK Thanks. Please close the account then.' At the blink of > an eye I was switched to the 'cancellation department' (retention). I > was told that they couldn't waive the fee, but they would make it up > to me by giving it to me as prepaid credit for 3 months. > > The fact that they couldn't do it right the first time and actually > invited me to cancel with them left a bad taste. When I come back, > I'm not sure if I will continue with Fido or not. If I do, it would > most certainly only be based on price and certainly not service. If > Rogers could get their act together with the pricing, there are tens > if not hundreds of thousands of dissatisfied Fido customers waiting in > the wings. > > Fido really should get their act together. Great prices and promos are > easily negated with lousy service. > > As for getting your number back, it is possible as Mezei wrote, > although I think you will have to get another sim (I believe I still > have an extra active one, if you can wait until August 'til I come > back). I had to go through the same routine once to get a number back > as well. They only seem interested in customer service after you > threaten to cancel, sadly. > > > > Sean McBride wrote in message news. > > Hi all, > > > > So I am/was a Fido customer but went on vacation for a few months and > > didn't want to pay them for nothing, so called them and they switched me > > to prepaid, the guy said I could just prepay nothing then switch back to > > my monthly plan. > > > > So now I'm back but it seems that I was away for 2 days too long as my > > account was closed 2 days ago. Now they say I have to buy a new SIM and > > sign up anew. I am not pleased obviously. > > > > Anyone have any suggestions? Everyone at customer support says > > something different. I tried activating online with my imei and SIM# > > but it didn't work. > > > > Worst of all, they say I'll need a new phone number, even though no one > > is using the old one (I just called it). Amazing that they can use > > landline numbers but not ones from their own exchanges! > > > > Thanks for any help! Archived from groups: alt.cellular.fido () Now who's making assumptions? No, when leaving for 4 months, I put my stuff in storage and left my apartment; hence, no home phone to forward to. You can also call forward with prepaid in any case - you're just charged for the minutes as if you were making a call. [email protected] (Jim Poon) wrote in message news. > Couldn't you just add voice mail to the $10 plan for an additional > $4.00/month? > > Also, the $10 plan includes call forwarding so if you were going to be > out of the country for a long time and didn't want to keep a regular > monthly plan, you can always forward your Fido phone to your home > landline phone (and I'm assuming that your regular landline phone has > voice mail or an answering machine). Of course, if you are not the > only person who uses your landline phone, you might not want to > forward your Fido phone to this number. > > > > [email protected] (sbdot) wrote in message news. > > Hey, I did the exact same thing before going on vacation! > > > > I called and told them I wanted to keep my number, but I wouldn't be > > around for four months. I was told that I could switch to the > > $10/month plan, which does not include vmail and is otherwise > > completely useless. So I told them to switch me to prepaid (where I > > would have voicemail to check while I'm away). I was told that they > > have a new policy where they have to charge you $25 to switch a number > > to prepaid. When I told them that I had done this before without a > > fee, they told me there was nothing that they could do and that I > > could cancel the account if I wished!? > > > > I said 'OK Thanks. Please close the account then.' At the blink of > > an eye I was switched to the 'cancellation department' (retention). I > > was told that they couldn't waive the fee, but they would make it up > > to me by giving it to me as prepaid credit for 3 months. > > > > The fact that they couldn't do it right the first time and actually > > invited me to cancel with them left a bad taste. When I come back, > > I'm not sure if I will continue with Fido or not. If I do, it would > > most certainly only be based on price and certainly not service. If > > Rogers could get their act together with the pricing, there are tens > > if not hundreds of thousands of dissatisfied Fido customers waiting in > > the wings. > > > > Fido really should get their act together. Great prices and promos are > > easily negated with lousy service. > > > > As for getting your number back, it is possible as Mezei wrote, > > although I think you will have to get another sim (I believe I still > > have an extra active one, if you can wait until August 'til I come > > back). I had to go through the same routine once to get a number back > > as well. They only seem interested in customer service after you > > threaten to cancel, sadly. > > > > > > > > Sean McBride wrote in message news. > > > Hi all, > > > > > > So I am/was a Fido customer but went on vacation for a few months and > > > didn't want to pay them for nothing, so called them and they switched me > > > to prepaid, the guy said I could just prepay nothing then switch back to > > > my monthly plan. > > > > > > So now I'm back but it seems that I was away for 2 days too long as my > > > account was closed 2 days ago. Now they say I have to buy a new SIM and > > > sign up anew. I am not pleased obviously. > > > > > > Anyone have any suggestions? Everyone at customer support says > > > something different. I tried activating online with my imei and SIM# > > > but it didn't work. > > > > > > Worst of all, they say I'll need a new phone number, even though no one > > > is using the old one (I just called it). Amazing that they can use > > > landline numbers but not ones from their own exchanges! > > > > > > Thanks for any help! Archived from groups: alt.cellular.fido () Sorry for the assumption. Do you know if it is/was possible to add voice mail ($4.00) to the $10 retention plan? Also forgot that Fido prepaid offers call forwarding (but your prepaid minutes are used for the minutes forwarded). This makes prepaid call forwarding useless in my opinion. [email protected] (sbdot) wrote in message news. > Now who's making assumptions? No, when leaving for 4 months, I put my > stuff in storage and left my apartment; hence, no home phone to > forward to. You can also call forward with prepaid in any case - > you're just charged for the minutes as if you were making a call. > > [email protected] (Jim Poon) wrote in message news. > > Couldn't you just add voice mail to the $10 plan for an additional > > $4.00/month? > > > > Also, the $10 plan includes call forwarding so if you were going to be > > out of the country for a long time and didn't want to keep a regular > > monthly plan, you can always forward your Fido phone to your home > > landline phone (and I'm assuming that your regular landline phone has > > voice mail or an answering machine). Of course, if you are not the > > only person who uses your landline phone, you might not want to > > forward your Fido phone to this number. > > > > > > > > [email protected] (sbdot) wrote in message news. > > > Hey, I did the exact same thing before going on vacation! > > > > > > I called and told them I wanted to keep my number, but I wouldn't be > > > around for four months. I was told that I could switch to the > > > $10/month plan, which does not include vmail and is otherwise > > > completely useless. So I told them to switch me to prepaid (where I > > > would have voicemail to check while I'm away). I was told that they > > > have a new policy where they have to charge you $25 to switch a number > > > to prepaid. When I told them that I had done this before without a > > > fee, they told me there was nothing that they could do and that I > > > could cancel the account if I wished!? > > > > > > I said 'OK Thanks. Please close the account then.' At the blink of > > > an eye I was switched to the 'cancellation department' (retention). I > > > was told that they couldn't waive the fee, but they would make it up > > > to me by giving it to me as prepaid credit for 3 months. > > > > > > The fact that they couldn't do it right the first time and actually > > > invited me to cancel with them left a bad taste. When I come back, > > > I'm not sure if I will continue with Fido or not. If I do, it would > > > most certainly only be based on price and certainly not service. If > > > Rogers could get their act together with the pricing, there are tens > > > if not hundreds of thousands of dissatisfied Fido customers waiting in > > > the wings. > > > > > > Fido really should get their act together. Great prices and promos are > > > easily negated with lousy service. > > > > > > As for getting your number back, it is possible as Mezei wrote, > > > although I think you will have to get another sim (I believe I still > > > have an extra active one, if you can wait until August 'til I come > > > back). I had to go through the same routine once to get a number back > > > as well. They only seem interested in customer service after you > > > threaten to cancel, sadly. > > > > > > > > > > > > Sean McBride wrote in message news. > > > > Hi all, > > > > > > > > So I am/was a Fido customer but went on vacation for a few months and > > > > didn't want to pay them for nothing, so called them and they switched me > > > > to prepaid, the guy said I could just prepay nothing then switch back to > > > > my monthly plan. > > > > > > > > So now I'm back but it seems that I was away for 2 days too long as my > > > > account was closed 2 days ago. Now they say I have to buy a new SIM and > > > > sign up anew. I am not pleased obviously. > > > > > > > > Anyone have any suggestions? Everyone at customer support says > > > > something different. I tried activating online with my imei and SIM# > > > > but it didn't work. > > > > > > > > Worst of all, they say I'll need a new phone number, even though no one > > > > is using the old one (I just called it). Amazing that they can use > > > > landline numbers but not ones from their own exchanges! > > > > > > > > Thanks for any help! Archived from groups: alt.cellular.fido () If that many people are threatening to cancel when they call in, then something has gone horribly wrong, wouldn't you agree? I hadn't called in to cancel. I had called in to switch to prepaid before going away for a few months (I already knew about the $10 plan and was not interested in it since I would have to pay extra for voicemail). When they told me they had a new policy that they had to charge $25 to switch a customer from postpaid to prepaid, I told them that I had done this before and wasn't charged. Then THE REP TOLD ME that if I wasn't satisfied with it, I could cancel. Hey, that was an offer (to cancel) I couldn't refuse after that attitude. Only then was I transferred to the 'cancellation department' (retention). How messed up is that? [email protected] (obs) wrote in message news. > > They only seem interested in customer service > > after you threaten to cancel, sadly. > > Maybe it is because so many people threaten to > cancel when they don't get their way so they > want to draw out your trump card right away:-). • Log on to the member website at PowerUpRewards.com, then select the Rewards Center tab to start redeeming for your rewards. To redeem your points you must activate your account online by completing your member profile and preferences, and by adding games to your Game Library. • Where can I find the current rewards available in the GameStop PowerUp Rewards program? Log on to the member website at PowerUpRewards.com, then select the Rewards. • Contact us. Your comments and concerns are important to us, and we want to make your Kongregate experience the best it can be. We read each message carefully. • After signing up for your digital subscription, you will be sent an activation email. 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What is the best rewards card in Sweden? When and How To Activate EMS In BLS, activating EMS is one of the most important considerations that a rescuer needs to make. Beyond actually performing CPR, you must find a way to get the victim to definitive treatment, because the repetition of CPR for an extended time will only lead to failure. In an emergency, you may not be thinking clearly, and you may forget the importance of EMS in your rush to help the victim. Of course, your ability to access these professionals is going to depend on who is around you and where you are located. Not everyone has a code in the middle of a busy restaurant. Some have them on trips into the wilderness and some have them in other rural areas. It is important to get EMS moving first before attempting to save the patient with BLS. Although bystander CPR does save a great deal of lives, it is getting the paramedics with ACLS training that leads to the best results for the victim. You need to know when to activate EMS, how to handle the situation in urban areas, and how to handle them when you are the only rescuer for miles. When to Activate EMS In the best case scenario, you will send someone else to activate EMS while you take care of the victim. If you are alone, the situation becomes a little more confusing. Start studying Step 3: Activate the EMS System. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Medical Emergency Response System (MERS): Annual Update Training. Medical Emergency Response System. O Activate the Code Blue system o Notify EMS and. You should check the patient for responsiveness, breathing, and pulse. You can even do one round of CPR before going to call EMS. The best way to reach them is through a cellphone. You may have one or your victim may have one. Use it to call 911 and explain the problem to the dispatcher. Explain what you’ve found in your assessment and that you are CPR trained. When someone else is making the call for you, be sure to communicate with them about what you are doing to help the patient. It makes a difference if they are breathing but have a pulse. Other situations call for EMS, as well. For instance, if you suspect someone is having a stroke, note the time the symptoms started, and activate EMS. The dispatcher will help to talk you through the process of CPR and inform you of when the ambulance is scheduled to arrive. With most cases, the ambulance arrives within minutes, and for this reason, you are better off activating EMS as soon as possible. EMS and Urban Areas Since the greater concentration of people live in urban areas, the relative availability of EMS should be rather good. An ambulance crew can get to an urban area within minutes of receiving the call, and this means that ACLS is started that much sooner. However, you can still encounter some problems activating EMS in urban areas. First, you need to be able to tell the dispatcher where the victim is located. If you are unfamiliar with the streets around where you are, then it will be more difficult to get the ambulance to your scene. Another problem is traffic. You may experience a delay in an ambulance arriving because of traffic in the streets leading to the house. Often, firefighters and policemen will arrive before paramedics, and this is a good situation. They are usually trained in BLS and carry AEDs. They can help to stabilize the patient before paramedics arrive with the ACLS protocols. Finally, you may find that the system is merely overloaded. Although you will get first responders, it may take some time to get EMS, even in a heavily populated urban area. The rule of thumb is to keep performing BLS, work with the first responders, and do everything possible to extend the victims life until paramedics arrive. EMS and Remote Areas Activating EMS in a remote area is much more difficult. Depending on where you are, it may be difficult to explain to a dispatcher how to arrive at the victim’s location. If you are out in the field, it may be some time before even first responders are available to you, but even rural farmhouses may experience a delay in getting help. When you are in a remote location, you need to do CPR as well as possible and consider using rescue breaths if the time becomes lengthy. In addition to finding the place your victim went down, EMS may be quite far from the location. Again, this is another reason to get help as soon as possible. Assess the patient, perform some CPR, but then call for help. You don’t want to wait, especially in a remote area, because those responders will take longer to reach you. Fortunately, many rural areas now have better ambulance and first responder coverage, but you still can encounter quite a few roadblocks when you are in this situation. Call as soon as possible, start good CPR, and keep working until someone can relieve you. Study shows EMS providers. EMS Systems Should Lower the Threshold for Stroke Alert Activation. The NIHSS score is an in-depth stroke scoring system. CRITERIA FOR TRAUMA SYSTEM ACTIVATION. Receiving Hospital Trauma Policies and Procedures. Kern County Emergency Medical Services Division 1 Trauma. An emergency can happen at any time or at any place. An emergency is a situation demanding immediate action. The goal of this section is to introduce you to the basics of First Aid and Emergency Care that will help you recognize and respond to any emergency appropriately. Your response may help save a life. EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES The emergency medical services (EMS) system is a chain made up of several links. Each link depends on the other for success. When the EMS system works correctly, a victim moves through each link in the chain, beginning with the actions of a responsible citizen and ending with care being provided to attempt to restore the victim to health. As a citizen responder, you are the first and most crucial link in the EMS system. In an ideal world, everyone would know first aid, but even if not trained in first aid, the citizen responder can provide critical help in any emergency. The citizen responder must first recognize that the illness or injury that has occurred is an emergency. He or she must then activate the EMS system, either by dialing9-1-1 or a local emergency number, by notifying a bystander or a nearby first responder, such as a police officer. The sooner someone activates theEMSsystem, the sooner more advanced medical help arrives, increasing the victim’s chance of survival and recovery. The second link in theEMSsystem is the dispatcher who works in an emergency communications center. The dispatcher receives the call and quickly determines what help is needed. He or she then dispatches the appropriate professionals. Some dispatchers are trained to give the caller instructions about how to help until EMS personnel arrive. The first responder is the third link the EMS system. The first responder is usually the first person to arrive on the scene that is trained to provide a higher level of care. First responders are often the first people you turn to for help at the scene of an emergency. They may be fire fighters, law enforcement officers, lifeguards, or people with similar responsibility for the safety or well being of the community. Due to the nature of their jobs, they are often close to the scene and have the necessary supplies and equipment to provide care. First responders provide a critical transition between a citizen responder’s basic level of care and the care provided by more advanced EMS professionals. The emergency medical technician (EMT) is the fourth link in the EMS system. Depending on the level of training and certification, the EMT is capable of providing more advanced emergency care and life-support techniques. In most of the United States, ambulance personnel are certified at least at the EMT-Basic level. EMT-Paramedics are highly specialized EMTs. In addition to performing basic life-support skills, paramedics can administer medications and intravenous fluids, provide advanced airway care, and perform other advanced life-saving techniques. They are trained to handle a wider range of conditions. Paramedics function at the highest level of out-of-hospital care. At the scene of the emergency, they serve as the “eyes and ears” of the hospital emergency physician through direct phone or radio contact. The first four links of the EMS system provides victims of injury or sudden illness the best possible out-of-hospital medical care. The fifth link of the EMS system, which is the hospital care providers, begins once the victim arrives at the hospital or other medical facility and the emergency department staff takes over care. Many different professionals, including emergency physicians, nurses, and other health care professionals, then become as involved as needed. The sixth and final link of the EMS system is rehabilitation. The goal of rehabilitation is to return the victim to his or her previous state of health. After the victim has been moved from the emergency department, other health care professionals work together to treat and rehabilitate the victim. These professionals include family physicians, consulting specialist, social workers, and physical therapists. The six parts of the EMS system are linked together like a chain - a chain of survival for the victim. The stronger the chain, the better the chance that a victim of injury or sudden illness will be returned to his or her previous state of health. All the links should connect to provide the best possible care to victims of injury or sudden illness. YOUR ROLE IN THE EMS SYSTEM Once you have recognized that an emergency has occurred and have decided to act, calling EMS professionals is the most important action you and other citizen responders can take. Early arrival of EMS personnel increases the victim’s chances of surviving a life-threatening emergency. Without the involvement of citizen responders, theEMSsystem cannot function effectively. A citizen responder trained in first aid can give help in the first few minutes of an emergency that can save a life or make the difference between complete recovery and permanent disability. Your role in the EMS system includes: • Recognizing that an emergency exists. • Deciding to act. • Calling EMS professionals • Providing first aid until help arrives (if you are trained in first aid). Recognizing emergencies: Recognizing an emergency is the first step in responding. You may become aware of an emergency from certain indicators. The following table describes some emergency indicators and their signals. Emergency Indicators Signals Unusual noises Screams, yells, moans, or calls for help; breaking glass, crashing metal, screeching tires; abrupt or loud unidentifiable sounds, silence. Unusual sights Things that look out of the ordinary - a stalled vehicle, an overturned pot, a spilled medicine container, broken glass, downed electrical wires. Unusual odors Odors that are stronger that usual; unrecognizable odors, nauseous smells, natural gas odors. Unusual appearance or behavior Unconsciousness; difficulty breathing; clutching the chest or throat; slurred, confused, or hesitant speech; unexplainable confusion or drowsiness; sweating for no apparent reason; uncharacteristic skin color, dilated pupils. Deciding to act; You have already learned that citizen involvement is crucial in an emergency situation. Every year, countless people recognize and respond to emergencies. Some phone for help, some comfort the victim or family members, some give first aid to victims, and others help keep order at the emergency scene. People can help in many ways. In order to help, you must act. Sometimes people simply do not recognize that an emergency has occurred. At other times, people recognize an emergency but are reluctant to act. People have various personal reasons for hesitating or not acting. The following are barriers to action; common reasons people give for not taking action. • The presence of bystanders • Uncertainty about the victim • The nature of the injury or illness • Fear of disease transmission • Fear of not knowing what to do or of doing something wrong Thinking about these things now and mentally preparing yourself will help you to respond more confidently in an actual emergency. Calling EMS professionals; In an emergency situation, you may have several options. If you are alone, tell the victim that you are going to get help. You will help the victim more by getting help than keeping the victim company. If there are several people at the emergency scene, instruct an adult to call9-1-1 and then report back to you. Some people may panic during an emergency and not follow through with instructions. By telling the adult to report back to you, this guarantees that you know whether or not theEMS system has been activated. Providing first aid until help arrives; This step should be taken only if you are trained in first aid. If you are not, try to keep the victim calm until EMS professionals arrive. Under no circumstance, should the victim ever be moved. Because you are unaware of the victim’s injuries, as some may be internal and not visible, you should never attempt to move or adjust the victim; leave this to the professionals. TAKING ACTION An emergency scene can be overwhelming, terrifying, and at the least, confusing. It poses questions that demand immediate answers- What should I do first? Where can I get help? What can I do to help the ill or injured person? Remembering and following three basic steps will help ensure you respond to any emergency effectively. The emergency action steps are the three basic steps you should take in any emergency. These steps include: • Check the scene and the victim • Call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number • Care for the victim Check the scene and the victim; The Check step has two parts- checking the scene and checking the victim. Do not skip over checking the scene in your rush to get to the ill or injured person, or you may also become a victim. Checking the Scene: Before you can help the victim, you must make sure the scene is safe for you and any bystanders. Take time to check the scene and answer these questions: • Is the scene safe? • What happened? • How many victims are there? • Are bystanders available to help? Look for anything that may threaten your safety and that of the victim and bystanders. Examples of dangers are downed power lines, falling rocks, traffic, a crime scene, a hostile crowd, violent behaviors, fire, smoke, dangerous fumes, extreme weather, and deep or swiftly moving water. If any of these dangers are threatening, do not approach the victim. Retreat and call 9-1-1 or the local emergency number immediately. Do not risk becoming a second victim and creating more work forEMS professionals. Leave dangerous situations to professionals, such as fire fighters and police officers, who have the training to deal with them. Determine what happened. Look around the scene for clues as to what caused the emergency and the type and extent of the victim’s injuries. You may discover a situation that requires your immediate attention. As you approach the victim, take in the whole picture. Nearby objects, such as shattered glass, a fallen ladder, or a spilled bottle of medicine, might tell you what happened. When you check the scene, look carefully for more than one victim. You may not spot everyone at first. For example, in a car crash, an open door may be a clue that victim has left the car or was thrown from it. If one victim is bleeding or screaming loudly, you may overlook another victim who is unconscious. It is also easy in any emergency situation to overlook an infant or a small child. Ask anyone present how many people may be involved. Bystanders may be able to tell you what happened or help in other ways. A bystander who knows the victim may know whether he or she has any medical problems or allergies. If no bystanders are close by, shout for someone who can help you. As you move closer to the victim, continue to check the scene to see if it is still safe. At this point, you may see other dangers that are not obvious to you from a distance. You may also see clues as to what has taken place or come across victims and bystanders you did not notice before. Checking the victim: As a rule, do not move a victim, even in immediate danger, such as fire, flood, poisonous fumes, hazardous traffic patterns, or an unstable structure. In dangerous situations like these, a citizen responder who tries to help or move the victim could become a second victim. Check the victim not only for symptoms of illness or injury, but also for signs of other conditions. Scan the victim head-to-toe and look for medical alert bracelets, or other clues to a person’s health, like a blood-sugar monitor a diabetic would carry with them, or medication. If you find the victim has any immediately life-threatening conditions, you must call EMS personnel immediately or assign another adult to call. The four conditions considered immediately life threatening in an emergency situation are: • Unconsciousness • No breathing or difficulty breathing • No pulse • Severe bleeding If, and only if, you are trained in first aid, identify yourself to the victim as a person trained in first aid. Try not to alarm the victim. Position yourself close to the victim’s eye level, without moving him or her. Speak calmly and confidently. Identify yourself, explain that you have first aid training, and ask if you can help. Your words can reassure the victim that a caring and skilled person is offering help. Next, if you are trained in first aid, get permission to provide care. Before giving first aid to a conscious adult victim, you must get the victim’s permission to give care. This permission is referred to as consent. A conscious victim has the right to either refuse or accept care. To get consent you must tell the victim: • Who you are • Your level of training • What it is you would like to do Only then can a conscious victim give you consent. Do not give care to a conscious victim who refuses it. If the conscious victim is an infant or child, get permission to provide care from the supervising adult, if possible. If the victim is unconscious or unable to respond because of the illness or injury, consent is implied. Consent is also implied for an infant or child if a supervising adult is not present or immediately available. Call EMS Personnel; Your top priority as a citizen responder is to get professional help to the victim as soon as possible. The EMS system works more effectively if you can giveinformation about the victim’s condition when the call is placed. Thisinformation helps to ensure that the victim receives proper medical care as quickly as possible. By calling 9-1-1 or the local emergency number, you put into motion a response system that rushes the correct emergency care personnel to the victim. When to call; At times, you may be unsure if EMS personnel are needed. For example, the victim may say not to call and ambulance because he or she is embarrassed about creating a scene. As a general rule, call EMS personnel for any of the following conditions: • Unconsciousness or altered level of consciousness • Breathing problems (no breathing or difficulty breathing) • Persistent chest or abdominal pain or pressure • No pulse • Severe bleeding • Severe burns • Vomiting blood or passing blood in feces or urine • Poisoning or suspected poisoning • Seizures, severe headache, or slurred speech • Injuries to the head, neck, or back • Broken bones or suspected broken bones Special situations also warrant calling EMS personnel for assistance. These include: • Fire or explosion • The presence of poisonous gas • Downed electrical wires • Swiftly moving or rapidly rising water • Motor vehicle collisions • Victims who cannot move on their own These conditions and situations make up by no means a complete list. It is beyond anyone’s ability to provide a definitive list, since exceptions always exist. Trust your instincts, if you think there is an emergency, there probably is. Do not lose time calling untrained people, such as friends or family members. Call EMS personnel for professional medical help immediately. These professionals would rather respond to a non-emergency than arrive at an emergency too late to help. Making the call; You may ask a bystander to call the emergency number for you. Tell him or her the victim’s condition. For example, tell the bystander, “Call 9-1-1. Tell them the victim is not breathing, and report back to me.” If you find that the victim is unconscious, do not delay calling EMS personnel. Unconsciousness is a sign of a serious injury or illness. Sending someone else to make the call will enable you to stay with the victim to check breathing and circulation and provided needed care if you are trained in first aid. When you tell someone to call for help, you should do the following: • Give the caller the EMSt elephone number. This number is 9-1-1 in many communities. Tell the caller to dial “0” (the operator) only if you do not know the emergency number in the area. Sometimes the emergency number is listed on pay phones and on the inside front cover of telephone directories. • Tell the caller to give the dispatcher the necessary information. Most dispatchers will ask: • The exact address or location and the name of the city or town. By prepared to give the names of nearby intersecting streets (cross streets or roads), landmarks, the name of the building, the floor, and the room number. • The telephone number from which the call is being made. • The caller’s name. • What happened- for example, a motor vehicle collision, a fall, a fire, sudden onset of chest pain, etc. • How many people are involved. • The condition of the victim(s)- for example, unconsciousness, chest pain, trouble breathing, bleeding. • The help (care) being give, if applicable. • Tell the caller not to hang up until the dispatcher hangs up. It is important to make sure the dispatcher has all the information needed to send the right help to the scene. The EMS dispatcher may also be able to give the caller instructions on how to best care for the victim until help arrives. • Tell the caller to report to you after making the call and toinform you of what the dispatcher’s response was. If you are the only person on the scene, shout for help. If an adult victim is unconscious and nobody immediately arrives to assist, you will need to get professional help immediately. Find the nearest telephone as quickly as possible. Call EMS personnel and then return to the victim. Recheck the victim and give the necessary care, if you are trained in first aid. If you shout for help but receive no response from other possible bystanders and you are able to give care to correct and urgent situation, such as applying a pressure bandage to control severe bleeding, you may consider completing that care before leaving to make the call, if you are trained in first aid. However, if the victim is unconscious, make the call at once. What happens when you call EMS; When your call is answered you will talk to an emergency dispatcher who has had special training in dealing with crises over the phone. The dispatcher will ask you for your phone number and address and will ask you other key questions to determine whether you need police, fire, or medical assistance. It may seem that the dispatcher asks a lot of questions. The information you give helps the dispatcher to send the type of help needed, based on the severity of the emergency. Once the ambulance is on its way, the dispatcher may stay on the line and continue to talk with you. Many dispatchers today are also trained to give instructions before EMS personnel arrive. Care for the Victim; Once you have checked the scene and the victim, and have called for help, you may need to provide care. Always care for life-threatening conditions before those that are not life threatening. For example, a breathing emergency would take priority over an injured leg. While you are waiting for more advanced medical help, watch for changes in the victims breathing and consciousness. A change in the victim’s level of consciousness (becoming less alert or awake) may be a sign of serious illness or injury. A condition that may not appear serious at first may become serious with time. Help the victim rest comfortably, without moving him or her, and keep him or her from getting chilled or overheated. Take time to reassure and calm the victim. Emergency situations are often confusing and frightening. To take appropriate actions in any emergency, follow the three basic emergency action steps- Check-Call-Care. Check the scene and the victim. Call the local emergency number to activate the EMS system. Ask a conscious victim’s permission to provide care. It is a good idea to get as many individuals as possible trained in first aid, as they will be better equipped to handle an emergency situation. At the very least, the directors and leaders of the activity should be trained in first aid and CPR. A Subreddit covering the WC3 RTS community. 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DNA replication: The is un'zipped' and unwound, then each separated strand (turquoise) acts as a template for replicating a new partner strand (green). (bases) are matched to synthesize the new partner strands into two new double helices. In, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original molecule. This process occurs in all and is the basis for. The cell possesses the distinctive property of division, which makes replication of DNA essential. DNA is made up of a of two complementary strands. During replication, these strands are separated. Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for the production of its counterpart, a process referred to as. Cellular and error-checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA replication. In a, DNA replication begins at specific locations, or, in the. Unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands results in growing bi-directionally from the origin. A number of are associated with the replication fork to help in the initiation and continuation of DNA synthesis. Most prominently, synthesizes the new strands by adding that complement each (template) strand. DNA replication occurs during the S-stage of. DNA replication can also be performed (artificially, outside a cell). DNA polymerases isolated from cells and artificial DNA primers can be used to initiate DNA synthesis at known sequences in a template DNA molecule. Your Friday Dose of Woo: Activate your DNA! Consider that a full DNA activation requires. More frequency than most people that only have a 12 strand. I believe that the Activation will happen automatically in 12 to 24 years in the future. With the Activation and other techniques in this book. In the Activation, we are activating strands to the DNA and its existing 46 chromosomes in what will be explained as the Master Cell of the brain. The mitochondrial DNA is also activated. Greetings,This article will help you understand the difference between the DNA template and the two strand chemical DNA and how DNA activation is the process of. The (PCR), a common laboratory technique, cyclically applies such artificial synthesis to amplify a specific target DNA fragment from a pool of DNA. DNA carries the information from parent. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • DNA structures [ ] DNA usually exists as a double-stranded structure, with both strands coiled together to form the characteristic. Each single strand of DNA is a chain of four types of. Nucleotides in DNA contain a sugar, a, and a. The four types of correspond to the four,,, and, commonly abbreviated as A, C, G and T. Adenine and guanine are bases, while cytosine and thymine are. These nucleotides form, creating the phosphate-deoxyribose backbone of the DNA double helix with the nuclei bases pointing inward (i.e., toward the opposing strand). Nucleotides (bases) are matched between strands through to form. Adenine pairs with thymine (two hydrogen bonds), and guanine pairs with cytosine (stronger: three hydrogen bonds)., and the different ends of a single strand are called the '3' (three-prime) end' and the '5' (five-prime) end'. By convention, if the base sequence of a single strand of DNA is given, the left end of the sequence is the 5' end, while the right end of the sequence is the 3' end. The strands of the double helix are anti-parallel with one being 5' to 3', and the opposite strand 3' to 5'. These terms refer to the carbon atom in deoxyribose to which the next phosphate in the chain attaches. Directionality has consequences in DNA synthesis, because DNA polymerase can synthesize DNA in only one direction by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of a DNA strand. The pairing of complementary bases in DNA (through ) means that the information contained within each strand is redundant. Phosphodiester (intra-strand) bonds are stronger than hydrogen (inter-strand) bonds. This allows the strands to be separated from one another. The nucleotides on a single strand can therefore be used to reconstruct nucleotides on a newly synthesized partner strand. DNA polymerase [ ]. DNA polymerases adds nucleotides to the 3' end of a strand of DNA. If a mismatch is accidentally incorporated, the polymerase is inhibited from further extension. Proofreading removes the mismatched nucleotide and extension continues. Are a family of that carry out all forms of DNA replication. DNA polymerases in general cannot initiate synthesis of new strands, but can only extend an existing DNA or RNA strand paired with a template strand. To begin synthesis, a short fragment of RNA, called a, must be created and paired with the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase adds a new strand of DNA by extending the 3' end of an existing nucleotide chain, adding new matched to the template strand one at a time via the creation of. The energy for this process of DNA polymerization comes from hydrolysis of the (phosphoanhydride) bonds between the three phosphates attached to each unincorporated. Free bases with their attached phosphate groups are called; in particular, bases with three attached phosphate groups are called. When a nucleotide is being added to a growing DNA strand, the formation of a phosphodiester bond between the proximal phosphate of the nucleotide to the growing chain is accompanied by hydrolysis of a high-energy phosphate bond with release of the two distal phosphates as a. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the resulting pyrophosphate into inorganic phosphate consumes a second high-energy phosphate bond and renders the reaction effectively irreversible. In general, DNA polymerases are highly accurate, with an intrinsic error rate of less than one mistake for every 10 7 nucleotides added. In addition, some DNA polymerases also have proofreading ability; they can remove nucleotides from the end of a growing strand in order to correct mismatched bases. Finally, post-replication mismatch repair mechanisms monitor the DNA for errors, being capable of distinguishing mismatches in the newly synthesized DNA strand from the original strand sequence. Together, these three discrimination steps enable replication fidelity of less than one mistake for every 10 9 nucleotides added. The rate of DNA replication in a living cell was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA elongation in phage-infected E. During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 °C, the rate was 749 nucleotides per second. The mutation rate per base pair per replication during phage T4 DNA synthesis is 1.7 per 10 8. Replication process [ ]. Formation of pre-replication complex. For a, it must first replicate its DNA. This process is initiated at particular points in the DNA, known as ', which are targeted. In this protein is; in, this is the. Sequences used by initiator proteins tend to be 'AT-rich' (rich in adenine and thymine bases), because A-T base pairs have two hydrogen bonds (rather than the three formed in a C-G pair) and thus are easier to strand separate. Once the origin has been located, these initiators recruit other proteins and form the, which unzips the double-stranded DNA. Elongation [ ] DNA polymerase has 5'-3' activity. All known DNA replication systems require a free 3' group before synthesis can be initiated (note: the DNA template is read in 3' to 5' direction whereas a new strand is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction—this is often confused). Four distinct mechanisms for DNA synthesis are recognized: • All cellular life forms and many DNA, and use a to synthesize a short RNA primer with a free 3' OH group which is subsequently elongated by a DNA polymerase. • The retroelements (including ) employ a transfer RNA that primes DNA replication by providing a free 3′ OH that is used for elongation by the. • In the and the φ29 family of, the 3' OH group is provided by the side chain of an amino acid of the genome attached protein (the terminal protein) to which nucleotides are added by the DNA polymerase to form a new strand. • In the single stranded DNA viruses — a group that includes the, the, the and others — and also the many phages and that use the rolling circle replication (RCR) mechanism, the RCR endonuclease creates a nick in the genome strand (single stranded viruses) or one of the DNA strands (plasmids). The 5′ end of the nicked strand is transferred to a residue on the nuclease and the free 3′ OH group is then used by the DNA polymerase to synthesize the new strand. The first is the best known of these mechanisms and is used by the cellular organisms. In this mechanism, once the two strands are separated, adds RNA primers to the template strands. The leading strand receives one RNA primer while the lagging strand receives several. The leading strand is continuously extended from the primer by a DNA polymerase with high, while the lagging strand is extended discontinuously from each primer forming. Removes the primer RNA fragments, and a low processivity DNA polymerase distinct from the replicative polymerase enters to fill the gaps. When this is complete, a single nick on the leading strand and several nicks on the lagging strand can be found. Works to fill these nicks in, thus completing the newly replicated DNA molecule. The primase used in this process differs significantly between and /. Bacteria use a primase belonging to the protein superfamily which contains a catalytic domain of the TOPRIM fold type. The TOPRIM fold contains an α/β core with four conserved strands in a topology. This structure is also found in the catalytic domains of Ia, topoisomerase II, the OLD-family nucleases and DNA repair proteins related to the RecR protein. The primase used by archaea and eukaryotes, in contrast, contains a highly derived version of the (RRM). This primase is structurally similar to many viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases, reverse transcriptases, cyclic nucleotide generating cyclases and DNA polymerases of the A/B/Y families that are involved in DNA replication and repair. In eukaryotic replication, the primase forms a complex with Pol α. Multiple DNA polymerases take on different roles in the DNA replication process. In, is the polymerase enzyme primarily responsible for DNA replication. It assembles into a replication complex at the replication fork that exhibits extremely high processivity, remaining intact for the entire replication cycle. In contrast, is the enzyme responsible for replacing RNA primers with DNA. DNA Pol I has a 5' to 3' activity in addition to its polymerase activity, and uses its exonuclease activity to degrade the RNA primers ahead of it as it extends the DNA strand behind it, in a process called. Pol I is much less processive than Pol III because its primary function in DNA replication is to create many short DNA regions rather than a few very long regions. In, the low-processivity enzyme, Pol α, helps to initiate replication because it forms a complex with primase. In eukaryotes, leading strand synthesis is thought to be conducted by Pol ε; however, this view has recently been challenged, suggesting a role for Pol δ. Primer removal is completed Pol δ while repair of DNA during replication is completed by Pol ε. As DNA synthesis continues, the original DNA strands continue to unwind on each side of the bubble, forming a with two prongs. In bacteria, which have a single origin of replication on their circular chromosome, this process creates a ' (resembling the Greek letter theta: θ). In contrast, eukaryotes have longer linear chromosomes and initiate replication at multiple origins within these. Replication fork [ ]. Many enzymes are involved in the DNA replication fork. The replication fork is a structure that forms within the nucleus during DNA replication. It is created by helicases, which break the hydrogen bonds holding the two DNA strands together. The resulting structure has two branching 'prongs', each one made up of a single strand of DNA. These two strands serve as the template for the leading and lagging strands, which will be created as DNA polymerase matches complementary nucleotides to the templates; the templates may be properly referred to as the leading strand template and the lagging strand template. DNA is always synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction. Since the leading and lagging strand templates are oriented in opposite directions at the replication fork, a major issue is how to achieve synthesis of nascent (new) lagging strand DNA, whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork. Leading strand [ ] The leading strand is the strand of nascent DNA which is being synthesized in the same direction as the growing replication fork. A polymerase 'reads' the leading strand template and adds complementary to the nascent leading strand on a continuous basis. Lagging strand [ ] The lagging strand is the strand of nascent DNA whose direction of synthesis is opposite to the direction of the growing replication fork. Because of its orientation, replication of the lagging strand is more complicated as compared to that of the leading strand. As a consequence, the DNA polymerase on this strand is seen to 'lag behind' the other strand. The lagging strand is synthesized in short, separated segments. On the lagging strand template, a 'reads' the template DNA and initiates synthesis of a short complementary primer. A DNA polymerase extends the primed segments, forming. The RNA primers are then removed and replaced with DNA, and the fragments of DNA are joined together. Dynamics at the replication fork [ ]. The assembled human DNA clamp, a of the protein. As unwinds DNA at the replication fork, the DNA ahead is forced to rotate. This process results in a build-up of twists in the DNA ahead. This build-up forms a torsional resistance that would eventually halt the progress of the replication fork. Are enzymes that temporarily break the strands of DNA, relieving the tension caused by unwinding the two strands of the DNA helix; topoisomerases (including ) achieve this by adding negative to the DNA helix. Bare single-stranded DNA tends to fold back on itself forming; these structures can interfere with the movement of DNA polymerase. To prevent this, bind to the DNA until a second strand is synthesized, preventing secondary structure formation. Form a sliding clamp around DNA, helping the DNA polymerase maintain contact with its template, thereby assisting with processivity. The inner face of the clamp enables DNA to be threaded through it. Once the polymerase reaches the end of the template or detects double-stranded DNA, the sliding clamp undergoes a conformational change that releases the DNA polymerase. Clamp-loading proteins are used to initially load the clamp, recognizing the junction between template and RNA primers.:274-5 DNA replication proteins [ ] At the replication fork, many replication enzymes assemble on the DNA into a complex molecular machine called the. The following is a list of major DNA replication enzymes that participate in the replisome: Enzyme Function in DNA replication Also known as helix destabilizing enzyme. Helicase separates the two strands of DNA at the behind the topoisomerase. The enzyme responsible for catalyzing the addition of nucleotide substrates to DNA in the 5' to 3' direction during DNA replication. Also performs proof-reading and error correction. There exist many different types of DNA Polymerase, each of which perform different functions in different types of cells. A protein which prevents elongating DNA polymerases from dissociating from the DNA parent strand. Bind to ssDNA and prevent the DNA double helix from re-annealing after DNA helicase unwinds it, thus maintaining the strand separation, and facilitating the synthesis of the nascent strand. Relaxes the DNA from its super-coiled nature. Relieves strain of unwinding by DNA helicase; this is a specific type of topoisomerase Re-anneals the semi-conservative strands and joins of the lagging strand. Provides a starting point of RNA (or DNA) for DNA polymerase to begin synthesis of the new DNA strand. Lengthens telomeric DNA by adding repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of. This allows germ cells and stem cells to avoid the Hayflick limit on cell division. Replication machinery [ ] Replication machineries consist of factors involved in DNA replication and appearing on template ssDNAs. Replication machineries include primosotors are replication enzymes; DNA polymerase, DNA helicases, DNA clamps and DNA topoisomerases, and replication proteins; e.g. Single-stranded DNA binding proteins (SSB). In the replication machineries these components coordinate. In most of the bacteria, all of the factors involved in DNA replication are located on replication forks and the complexes stay on the forks during DNA replication. These replication machineries are called or DNA replicase systems. These terms are generic terms for proteins located on replication forks. In eukaryotic and some bacterial cells the replisomes are not formed. Since replication machineries do not move relatively to template DNAs such as factories, they are called a replication factory. In an alternative figure, DNA factories are similar to projectors and DNAs are like as cinematic films passing constantly into the projectors. In the replication factory model, after both DNA helicases for leading strands and lagging strands are loaded on the template DNAs, the helicases run along the DNAs into each other. The helicases remain associated for the remainder of replication process. Peter Meister et al. Observed directly replication sites in by monitoring (GFP)-tagged DNA polymerases α. They detected DNA replication of pairs of the tagged loci spaced apart symmetrically from a replication origin and found that the distance between the pairs decreased markedly by time. This finding suggests that the mechanism of DNA replication goes with DNA factories. That is, couples of replication factories are loaded on replication origins and the factories associated with each other. Also, template DNAs move into the factories, which bring extrusion of the template ssDNAs and nascent DNAs. Meister’s finding is the first direct evidence of replication factory model. Subsequent research has shown that DNA helicases form dimers in many eukaryotic cells and bacterial replication machineries stay in single intranuclear location during DNA synthesis. The replication factories perform disentanglement of sister chromatids. The disentanglement is essential for distributing the chromatids into daughter cells after DNA replication. Because sister chromatids after DNA replication hold each other by rings, there is the only chance for the disentanglement in DNA replication. Fixing of replication machineries as replication factories can improve the success rate of DNA replication. If replication forks move freely in chromosomes, catenation of nuclei is aggravated and impedes mitotic segregation. Termination [ ] Eukaryotes initiate DNA replication at multiple points in the chromosome, so replication forks meet and terminate at many points in the chromosome. Because eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, DNA replication is unable to reach the very end of the chromosomes. Due to this problem, DNA is lost each replication cycle from the end of the chromosome. Are regions of repetitive DNA close to the ends and help prevent loss of genes due to this shortening. Shortening of the telomeres is a normal process in. This shortens the telomeres of the daughter DNA chromosome. As a result, cells can only divide a certain number of times before the DNA loss prevents further division. (This is known as the.) Within the line, which passes DNA to the next generation, extends the repetitive sequences of the telomere region to prevent degradation. Telomerase can become mistakenly active in somatic cells, sometimes leading to formation. Increased telomerase activity is one of the hallmarks of cancer. Termination requires that the progress of the DNA replication fork must stop or be blocked. Termination at a specific locus, when it occurs, involves the interaction between two components: (1) a termination site sequence in the DNA, and (2) a protein which binds to this sequence to physically stop DNA replication. In various bacterial species, this is named the DNA replication terminus site-binding protein,. Because bacteria have circular chromosomes, termination of replication occurs when the two replication forks meet each other on the opposite end of the parental chromosome. Coli regulates this process through the use of termination sequences that, when bound by the, enable only one direction of replication fork to pass through. As a result, the replication forks are constrained to always meet within the termination region of the chromosome. Regulation [ ]. The cell cycle of eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes [ ] Within eukaryotes, DNA replication is controlled within the context of the. As the cell grows and divides, it progresses through stages in the cell cycle; DNA replication takes place during the S phase (synthesis phase). The progress of the eukaryotic cell through the cycle is controlled. Progression through checkpoints is controlled through complex interactions between various proteins, including and. Unlike bacteria, eukaryotic DNA replicates in the confines of the nucleus. The G1/S checkpoint (or restriction checkpoint) regulates whether eukaryotic cells enter the process of DNA replication and subsequent division. Cells that do not proceed through this checkpoint remain in the G0 stage and do not replicate their DNA. Replication of chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes occurs independently of the cell cycle, through the process of. Replication focus [ ] In vertebrate cells, replication sites concentrate into positions called replication foci. Replication sites can be detected by immunostaining daughter strands and replication enzymes and monitoring GFP-tagged replication factors. By these methods it is found that replication foci of varying size and positions appear in S phase of cell division and their number per nucleus is far smaller than the number of genomic replication forks. Heun et al.(2001) tracked GFP-tagged replication foci in budding yeast cells and revealed that replication origins move constantly in G1 and S phase and the decreased significantly in S phase. Traditionally, replication sites were fixed on spatial structure of chromosomes. The Heun’s results denied the traditional concepts, budding yeasts don't have lamins, and support that replication origins self-assemble and form replication foci. By firing of replication origins, controlled spatially and temporally, the formation of replication foci is regulated. Jackson et al.(1998) revealed that neighboring origins fire simultaneously in mammalian cells. Spatial juxtaposition of replication sites brings clustering of replication forks. The clustering do rescue of stalled replication forks and favors normal progress of replication forks. Progress of replication forks is inhibited by many factors; collision with proteins or with complexes binding strongly on DNA, deficiency of dNTPs, nicks on template DNAs and so on. If replication forks stall and the remaining sequences from the stalled forks are not replicated, the daughter strands have nick obtained un-replicated sites. The un-replicated sites on one parent's strand hold the other strand together but not daughter strands. Therefore, the resulting sister chromatids cannot separate from each other and cannot divide into 2 daughter cells. When neighboring origins fire and a fork from one origin is stalled, fork from other origin access on an opposite direction of the stalled fork and duplicate the un-replicated sites. As other mechanism of the rescue there is application of dormant replication origins that excess origins don't fire in normal DNA replication. Bacteria [ ]. Dam methylates adenine of GATC sites after replication. Most bacteria do not go through a well-defined cell cycle but instead continuously copy their DNA; during rapid growth, this can result in the concurrent occurrence of multiple rounds of replication. Coli, the best-characterized bacteria, DNA replication is regulated through several mechanisms, including: the hemimethylation and sequestering of the origin sequence, the ratio of to, and the levels of protein DnaA. All these control the binding of initiator proteins to the origin sequences. Coli GATC DNA sequences, DNA synthesis results in hemimethylated sequences. This hemimethylated DNA is recognized by the protein, which binds and sequesters the origin sequence; in addition, DnaA (required for initiation of replication) binds less well to hemimethylated DNA. As a result, newly replicated origins are prevented from immediately initiating another round of DNA replication. ATP builds up when the cell is in a rich medium, triggering DNA replication once the cell has reached a specific size. ATP competes with ADP to bind to DnaA, and the DnaA-ATP complex is able to initiate replication. A certain number of DnaA proteins are also required for DNA replication — each time the origin is copied, the number of binding sites for DnaA doubles, requiring the synthesis of more DnaA to enable another initiation of replication. Main article: Researchers commonly replicate DNA in vitro using the (PCR). PCR uses a pair of to span a target region in template DNA, and then polymerizes partner strands in each direction from these primers using a thermostable. Repeating this process through multiple cycles amplifies the targeted DNA region. At the start of each cycle, the mixture of template and primers is heated, separating the newly synthesized molecule and template. Then, as the mixture cools, both of these become templates for annealing of new primers, and the polymerase extends from these. As a result, the number of copies of the target region doubles each round,. See also [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • • • Notes [ ]. • The of this process may also help explain the directionality of synthesis—if DNA were synthesized in the 3' to 5' direction, the energy for the process would come from the 5' end of the growing strand rather than from free nucleotides. The problem is that if the high energy triphosphates were on the growing strand and not on the free nucleotides, proof-reading by removing a mismatched terminal nucleotide would be problematic: Once a nucleotide is added, the triphosphate is lost and a single phosphate remains on the backbone between the new nucleotide and the rest of the strand. If the added nucleotide were mismatched, removal would result in a DNA strand terminated by a monophosphate at the end of the 'growing strand' rather than a high energy triphosphate. So strand would be stuck and wouldn't be able to grow anymore. In actuality, the high energy triphosphates hydrolyzed at each step originate from the free nucleotides, not the polymerized strand, so this issue does not exist. References [ ]. |
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